Top Tips for Observing Mitosis Lab

We have all seen illustrations in textbooks of how mitosis works. While these types of diagrams are definitely beneficial for visualizing and understanding the stages of mitosis in eukaryotes and connecting them all together to describe the process of mitosis, it is still a good idea to show students how the stages actually look under a microscope in an actively dividing group of cells. Necessary Equipment for This Lab In this lab, there are some necessary equipment and supplies that would need to be purchased that go beyond what would be found in all classrooms or homes. However, most science classrooms should already have some of the necessary components of this lab and it is worth the time and investment to secure the others for this lab, as they can be used for other things beyond this lab. Onion (or Allum) root tip mitosis slides are fairly inexpensive and easily ordered from various scientific supplies companies. They can also be prepared by the teacher or students on blank slides with coverslips. However, the staining process for homemade slides are not as clean and exact as those that are ordered from a professional scientific supply company, so the visual may be somewhat lost. Microscope Tips Microscopes used in this lab do not have to be expensive or high powered. Any light microscope that can magnify at least 40x is sufficient and can be used to complete this lab. It is recommended that students are familiar with microscopes and how to use them correctly before beginning this experiment, as well as the stages of mitosis and what happens in them. This lab can also be completed in pairs or as individuals as the amount of equipment and skill level of the class allows. Alternatively, photos of onion root tip mitosis can be found and either printed onto paper or put into a slideshow presentation in which the students can do the procedure without the need for microscopes or the actual slides. However, learning to use a microscope properly is an important skill for science students to have. Background and Purpose Mitosis is constantly happening the meristems (or growth regions) of roots in plants. Mitosis occurs in four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In this lab, you will determine the relative length of time each phase of mitosis takes in the meristem of an onion root tip on a prepared slide. This will be determined by observing the onion root tip under the microscope and counting the number of cells in each phase. You will then use mathematical equations to figure out time spent in each phase for any given cell in an onion root tip meristem. Materials Light microscope Prepared Onion Root Tip Mitosis Slide Paper Writing utensil Calculator Procedure 1.  Create a data table with the following headings across the top: Number of Cells, Percentage of all Cells, Time (min.); and the stages of mitosis down the side: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. 2.  Carefully put the slide on the microscope and focus it under low power (40x is preferred). 3.  Choose a section of the slide where you can clearly see 50-100 cells in the different stages of mitosis (each â€Å"box† you see is a different cell and the darker stained objects are chromosomes). 4.  For each cell in your sample field of view, determine whether it is in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase based on the appearance of the chromosomes and what they should be doing in that phase. 5.  Make a tally mark under the â€Å"Number of Cells† column for the correct stage of mitosis in your data table as you count your cells. 6.  Once you have finished counting and classifying all of the cells in your field of view (at least 50), calculate your numbers for â€Å"Percentage of All Cells† column by taking your counted number (from Number of Cells column) divided by the total number of cells you counted. Do this for all stages of mitosis. (Note: you will need to take your decimal you get from this calculation times 100 to make it into a percentage) 7.  Mitosis in an onion cell takes approximately 80 minutes. Use the following equation to calculate data for your â€Å"Time (min.)† column of your data table for each stage of mitosis:  (Percentage/100) x 80 8.  Clean up your lab materials as directed by your teacher and answer the analysis questions. Analysis Questions 1.  Describe how you determined which phase each cell was in. 2.  In which phase of mitosis was the number of cells the greatest? 3.  In which phase of mitosis was the number of cells the fewest? 4.  According to your data table, which phase takes the least amount of time? Why do you think that is the case? 5.  According to your data table, which phase of mitosis lasts the longest? Give reasons as to why this is true. 6.  If you were to give your slide to another lab group to have them repeat your experiment, would you end up with the same cell counts? Why or why not? 7.  What could you do to tweak this experiment in order to get more accurate data? Expansion Activities Have the class compile all of their counts into a class data set and recalculate the times. Lead a class discussion on the accuracy of data and why it is important to use large amounts of data when calculating in science experiments.

Assassination of John F Kennedy - 1119 Words

At approximately 12:30 p.m. on November 22nd, 1963 the world was shockingly stunned by a horrific incident that has forever changed the view of the events that occurred during this day. While our President was riding a convertible motorcade down Elm Street in Dealey Plaza, Texas he was abruptly struck by two penetrating bullets in the upper back and head. Our 35th President of the United States of America had been fatally assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald, a sniper from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building. However, did Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazy lunatic act alone in the assassination of President Kennedy. Both first – hand knowledge and visual evidence allows people to re – examine the events of this day and†¦show more content†¦Kennedy’s head. The badge man was strategically positioned in the grassy knoll, a fenced area to the right of JFK’s motorcade. The final blow to Kennedy’s skull pierced him in the uppe r right forehead causing him to react back and to the left. It is indisputable that Oswald acted alone since his positioned location could not under any circumstance accomplish an unmanageable shot like that. Due to his angle from the grassy knoll the badge man was the only one who could have made the specific shot that obliterated the head of JFK. Coincidentally, as soon as President Kennedy was annihilated the swarm of petrified people instantly ran toward the grassy knoll later proclaiming they heard â€Å"shots† fired from that direction. Pictorial evidence from the camera of Mary Moorman illustrates a figure in a uniformed police suit firing a weapon and clarifies there was assistance to the murder. The question with Lee Harvey Oswald is that could he have shot President John F. Kennedy out of cold blood to achieve a political objective? The answer is no because the entire assassination was a setup to overthrow Kennedy as commander and chief. Previous to the assass ination date Lee Harvey Oswald briefly conversed in a secret meeting with Jack Ruby, a mobster involved with organized crime. The Italian Mafia was notoriously known for despising the Kennedy’s. John F. Kennedy who had failed toShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy982 Words   |  4 Pages O’Reilly and Dugard’s book, Killing Kennedy, is about the events leading to President John F. Kennedy being shot, as well as what happened after the assassination. This book also describes the rise and fall of John F. Kennedy. The authors also wrote about the Cold War, Kennedy dealing with communism, and threats of crime. January of 1961, the cold war was growing stronger and Kennedy was struggling with communism. During all of this happening, he was learning what it meant to be a president. HeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1620 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, there has been controversy over whether the true gunman was held accountable. The United States Government claimed that it was an easy, open and closed case. They found Lee Harvey Oswald, close to ground zero, with a freshly fired riffle, immediately after JFK was shot. Contrary to the governments report, skeptics argue a vast scope of conspiracies to shed light on what they believe happened that day; ideas ranging from magic bullets, multipleRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassinations By John F. Kennedy Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Decades later, the Kennedy assassinations and surrounding mysteries continue holding public interest. Although their notoriety as charismatic leaders is a significant contribution, other factors regarding societal psychology deserve consideration whilst exploring this phenomenon. With these events occurring during a time that allows living witnesses, modern accessible evidence, various media covera ge, and visible modern impact, the mysterious Kennedy assassinations have the capacity to encourageRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Assassination1618 Words   |  7 PagesJohn F. Kennedy Assassination Was John F. Kennedy’s assassination a single shooter or was it a conspiracy? Since November 22, 1963 people around the world have wondered who it was that shot President Kennedy, and what for. So many questions have formed around this event, not just about who the shooter was, but also questions like what might the world have been like today if the shooting didn’t happen? The Kennedy assassination has been a mystery for many years. A lot of people hear about the differentRead MoreAssassination Of John F. Kennedy1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy â€Å"Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.† President Kennedy stated in his commencement speech at American University on June 10, 1963. John F. Kennedy was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 to his assassination in November 1963. There are numerous conspiracy theories involving Kennedy’s assassinationRead MoreAssassination of John F. Kennedy931 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy assassination is believed to be one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Other assassinations of presidents didn’t have as many Conspiracy theories compared to the JFK assassination on November 22nd, 1963. Some of the theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia influence, and Cuban President Fidel Castro (Stern). T he assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, raised many questions thatRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1500 Words   |  6 PagesOn November 23, 1963, three shots were fired at President John F. Kennedy’s limousine in Dallas, Texas. The first shot went through the president’s neck, the second was the fatal shot that would ultimately end Kennedy’s life. There is a lot of speculation about what really took place in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Many people believe that Lee Harvey Oswald worked alone, but there are many people across the nation who think differently. Many theories can both support and disprove that LeeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesThe book I chose to read is The Assassination of John F. Kennedy by Lauren Spencer. It was published in 2002 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. It contains 64 pages. This book not only provides information on the killing of President Kennedy, b ut also information on his life, the arrested murderer s life, and more interesting background information and details. This books main objective is to go deeper into the case of John F. Kennedy s assassination, to discuss personal information about suspectsRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on November 22, 1963 at 12:30 p.m Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dealey Plaza.[1] Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while he was riding with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally s wife, Nellie, in a presidential motorcade. A ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission from November 1963 to September 1964Read MoreThe John F. Kennedy Assassination1803 Words   |  8 PagesU.S. History 102 Research Project The John F. Kennedy Assassination Cody D. Bindley History 102: 1865 to Present Instructor Sumner February 7, 2016 INTRODUCTION On November 22, 1963 President John F. Kennedy was attending a parade in Dallas, Texas. During this parade President Kennedy was traveling in a 1961 convertible Lincoln Continental limousine with the top down. President Kennedy was traveling in the third row passenger side seat of the vehicle, seated to his left was

Manuscript Essay Example For Students

Manuscript Essay Jonathan FinnManuScript is a simple, music-based programming language developed to write plug-ins for the Sibelius music processor. It is based on Simkin, an embedded scripting language developed by Simon Whiteside (www.larts.co Personal Narrative - Being Fully Human perso EssayA variable can contain an integer (whole number), a string (text) or an object (e.g. a note) ? more about objects in a moment. Unlike most languages, in ManuScript a variable can contain any type of data ? you don?t have to declare what type you want. Thus you can store a number in a variable, then store some text instead, then an object. Try this:x = 56;x = x+1;Sibelius.MessageBox(x);// prints ?57? in a dialog boxx = now this is text;// the number it held is lostSibelius.MessageBox(x);// prints ?now this is text? in a dialogx = Sibelius.ActiveScore;// now it contains a scoreSibelius.MessageBox(x);// prints nothing in a dialogConverting between numbers, text and objectsNotice that the method MessageBox is expecting to be sent some text to display. If you give it a number instead (as in the first call to MessageBox above) the number is conv erted to text. If you give it an object (such as a score), no text is produced. Similarly, if a calculation is expecting a number but is given some text, the text will be converted to a number:x = 1 + 1;// the + means numbers are expectedSibelius.MessageBox(x);// displays ?2?If the text doesn?t start with a number (or if the variable contains an object instead of text), it is treated as 0:x = 1 + fred;Sibelius.MessageBox(x);// displays ?1?The while loopManuScript has a while loop which is does the same duties as while, do and for loops in other languages. Create a new plug-in called Potato. This is going to amuse one and all by writing the words of the well-known song ?1 potato, 2 potato, 3 potato, 4?. Type in the following for the Run method of the new plug-in (if you?re lazy and you?re reading this as a Word document, you could just copy and paste the code):x = 1;while (x5)text = x potato,;Sibelius.MessageBox(text);x = x+1;}Run it. It should display ?1 potato?, ?2 potato?, ?3 potato?, ?4 potato?, which is a start, though annoyingly you have to click OK after each message. The while statement is followed by a condition in ( ) parentheses, then a block of statements in } braces (you don?t need a semicolon after the final } brace). While the condition is true, the block is executed. Unlike some other languages, the braces are compulsory (you can?t omit them if they only contain one statement). We did say that ManuScript was a simple language. In this example you can see that testing the value of x at the start of the loop, and increasing the value at the end, gives the same effect as for loops in other languages. You can use other simple techniques (such as if statements) to simulate the do loops and break/continue statements you thought you couldn?t do without. Notice the use of to add strings. Because a string is expected on either side, the value of x is turned into a string. Notice also that I?ve typed the Tab key to indent the statements inside the loop. This is a good habit to get into as it makes the structure clearer. If you have loops inside loops you should indent the inner loops even more. The if statementNow we can add an if statement so that the last phrase is just ?4?, not ?4 potato?:x = 1;while (x5)if(x=4)text = x .;}elsetext = x potato,;}Sibelius.MessageBox(text);x = x+1;}The rule for if takes the form if (condition) statements }. You can also optionally add else statements } which is executed if the condition is false. As with while, the parentheses and braces are compulsory, though you can make the program shorter by putting braces on the same line as other statements:x = 1;while (x5)if(x=4) text = x .;} else text = x potato,;}Sibelius.MessageBox(text);x = x+1;}The position of braces is entirely a matter of taste. Condition operatorsYou can put any expressions in parentheses after an if or while statement, but typically they will contain conditions such as = and . The available conditions are very simple:a = bequals (for numbers, text or objects)a bless than (for numbers)a bgreater than (for numbers)c and dboth are truec or deither are truenot cinverts a condition, e.g. not(x=4)Note that you use = to compare for equality, not the barbaric == found in C/C++ and Java. Instead of != or in other languages, use not(a=b). Instead of a = b, use not(a b). Or you could try (ab or a=b). Instead of a = b, use not(a b). Or you could try (ab or a=b). Now let?s make this plug-in really cool. We can build up the four messages in a variable called text, and only display it at the end, saving valuable wear on your mouse button. We can also switch round the if and else blocks to show off the use of not:x = 1;text = ;// start with no textwhile (x5)if (not(x=4)) text = text x potato, ;// add some text} else text = text x .;// add no. 4}x = x+1;}Sibelius.MessageBox(text);// finally display itArithmeticWe?ve been using + without comment, so here?s a complete list of the available arithmetic operators:a + badda ? bsubtracta * bmultiplya / bdividea % bremainder-anegateevaluate firstThe normal precedence for these operators applies; in other words, 2+3*4 is 14, not 20, because * is evaluated before +. To make this clearer you could write 2+(3*4). To get the answer 20, you?d have to write (2+3)*4.

Who Was Mother Theresa Essays - Mother Teresa, Doctors Of The Church

Who Was Mother Theresa Who Was Mother Teresa? Mother Teresa was always her own person, startlingly independent, obedient, yet challenging some preconceived notions and expectations. Her own life story includes many illustrations of her willingness to listen to and follow her own conscience, even when it seemed to contradict what was expected. This strong and independent Slavic woman was born Gonxha (Agnes) Bojaxhiu in Skopje, Yugoslavia, on August 27, 1910. Five children were born to Nikola and Dronda Bojaxhiu, yet only three survived. Gonxha was the youngest, with an older sister, Aga, and brother, Lazar. This brother describes the family's early years as well-off, not the life of peasants reported inaccurately by some. We lacked for nothing. In fact, the family lived in one of the two houses they owned. Nikola was a contractor, working with a partner in a successful construction business. He was also heavily involved in the politics of the day. Lazar tells of his father's rather sudden and shocking death, which may have been due to poisoning because of his political involvement. With this event, life changed overnight as their mother assumed total responsibility for the family, Aga, only 14, Lazar, 9, and Gonxha, 7. Though so much of her young life was centered in the Church, Mother Teresa later revealed that until she reached 18, she had never thought of being a nun. During her early years, however, she was fascinated with stories of missionary life and service. She could locate any number of missions on the map, and tell others of the service being given in each place. Called to Religious Life At 18, Gonxha decided to follow the path that seems to have been unconsciously unfolding throughout her life. She chose the Loreto Sisters of Dublin, missionaries and educators founded in the 17th century to educate young girls. In 1928, the future Mother Teresa began her religious life in Ireland, far from her family and the life she'd known, never seeing her mother again in this life, speaking a language few understood. During this period a sister novice remembered her as very small, quiet and shy, and another member of the congregation described her as ordinary. Mother Teresa herself, even with the later decision to begin her own community of religious, continued to value her beginnings with the Loreto sisters and to maintain close ties. Unwavering commitment and self-discipline, always a part of her life and reinforced in her association with the Loreto sisters, seemed to stay with her throughout her life. One year later, in 1929, Gonxha was sent to Darjeeling to the novitiate of the Sisters of Loreto. In 1931, she made her first vows there, choosing the name of Teresa, honoring both saints of the same name, Teresa of Avila and Therese of Lisieux. In keeping with the usual procedures of the congregation and her deepest desires, it was time for the new Sister Teresa to begin her years of service to God's people. She was sent to St. Mary's, a high school for girls in a district of Calcutta. Here she began a career teaching history and geography, which she reportedly did with dedication and enjoyment for the next 15 years. It was in the protected environment of this school for the daughters of the wealthy that Teresa's new vocation developed and grew. This was the clear message, the invitation to her second calling, that Teresa heard on that fateful day in 1946 when she traveled to Darjeeling for retreat. The Streets of Calcutta During the next two years, Teresa pursued every avenue to follow what she never doubted was the direction God was pointing her. She was to give up even Loreto where I was very happy and to go out in the streets. I heard the call to give up all and follow Christ into the slums to serve him among the poorest of the poor. Technicalities and practicalities abounded. She had to be released formally, not from her perpetual vows, but from living within the convents of the Sisters of Loreto. She had to confront the Church's resistance to forming new religious communities, and receive permission from the Archbishop of Calcutta to serve the poor openly on the streets. She had to figure out how to live and work on the streets, without the safety and comfort of the convent. As for clothing, Teresa decided she would set aside the habit she had worn during her years as a Loreto sister and wear the ordinary dress of an Indian woman: a plain white sari and sandals. Teresa first went to Patna for a few months to prepare for her future work by taking a nursing course. In 1948 she received permission from Pius XII to leave her community and live as an independent nun. So back to Calcutta she went and found a small hovel to rent to begin her

Bobby Fischer essays

Bobby Fischer essays Topic: Bobby Fischer (1943- Present) Thesis: Bobby Fischer is undisputedly a genius chess master, yet it is his personal life that has left the most significant mark on history. B. Bobbys introduction to chess B. Becoming a contender in the chess world C. A champion rises out of the chaos Bobby Fischer proved throughout his chess matches that he is one of the greatest chess players to have ever lived. Beyond that he is just a lost soul grasping on to any hope of redemption. Bobby Fischer has lived a life abnormal to that off the average American in almost every way since he received his first chessboard. He had to persevere through the scrutiny of the public eye and feelings of never being truly accepted for who he felt he was. Bobby has lived a life of turmoil, tragedy and loss. His accomplishments have been overshadowed by his eccentricity and even possible psychotic ailments. With a life like a Shakespearian tragedy, Bobby has sentenced his own self to a life of pain and misery. Through looking at his development from child prodigy into feared grandmaster and then his fall into shambles the true reality of who Booby Fischer is will be revealed. From childhood to adulthood Bobby Fischer has been plagued by many evils of his own conscious mind. Many different ideas have been expressed to why Bobby acts in the manner he does, such as eccentricity, socially inept, and psychologically unstable. Through all of these struggles Bobby was still able to produce some of the most prolific chess matches ever seen. Ranging from his early match with Donald Byrne dubbed the Game of the Century by Hans Kmoch to his crowning moment of becoming the world champion in his triumph over Spassky. Though this is not what is remembered today, it is the refusal to defend the world championship, anti-Semitic remarks, and his current ranting of paranoia on the radio in the Philippines. Bobby Fischer is undisputedly ...

What Is EOP Your Guide to Educational Opportunity Programs

What Is EOP Your Guide to Educational Opportunity Programs SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Traditionally, low-income students have been excluded from higher education, or they have faced obstacles that make graduating from college extremely difficult. Programs like the Educational Opportunity Program are designed to provide the necessary support to disadvantaged students to enable their success in college and beyond. In this article, I’ll describe EOP, detail the advantages of participating in an Educational Opportunity Program, and let you know how to enroll. What Is EOP? The Educational Opportunity Program, or EOP, is a counseling and academic support program designed to helplow-income and first generation college students succeed in college. A student is first generation if neither parent went to college. EOPs are state programs, and they're typically only for in-state residents of public colleges. The purpose of these programsis to help students who face additional obstacles in higher education succeed academically and graduate.There are EOPs in a number of states, but it's not available in every state or at every college.Look at a school’s website or contact its admissions office to see if it has an EOP. EOP is available at California State University and University of California campuses.While each CSU campus has an EOP, the only UC schools that have an EOP are UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UC Santa Barbara, and UC Santa Cruz. However, there are comparable programs at the other UC schools. Additionally, there are EOPs in New York at State University of New York (SUNY) schools and in New Jersey at schools like New Jersey Institute of Technology, Rider University, and Seton Hall University. There are similar programs at state colleges in New Jersey through the Educational Opportunity Fund (EOF). I also found EOPs at Oregon State and University of Washington. Most campuses that offer EOP provide a summer program for EOP students to help them transition to college and prepare for college life. Thestudents get to live on campus and strengthen their academic skills before college starts. During the academic year, EOP offers counseling, mentorship, and academic advising for enrolledstudents to help them succeed academically. Furthermore, EOP offers students career advice and preparation for graduate studies.Also, some programs provide financial assistance, including offering grants and waiving or deferring certain fees. Steven Depolo/Flickr How Is EOP Eligibility Determined? Eligibility does vary by campus, butit's typicallybased on income requirements, meaning that yourfamily's income must be below a certain amount for you to qualify for the program. Each state's income threshold is slightly different. As an example, at CSUs, the maximum income for a family of four is $46,400. At CSUs, you must meet EOP income criteria to be eligible for EOP.If your family income exceeds the guidelines, you may still be considered for EOP if your demonstrated Expected Family Contribution is less than $1,500. Check this page for the income requirements for SUNY schools.At SUNY schools, EOP is also designed for students who don’t meet the normal admission requirements but show academic promise. Here are the income requirements in New Jersey. For most EOPs, only in-state residents and US citizens or permanent residents are eligible for EOP. In California, undocumented immigrants who qualify for in-state tuition through AB540 are also eligible for all California EOPs. Generally, EOP eligibility guidelines are less strict at UC campuses.At UC Berkeley, any low-income,first generation, or historically underrepresented students (African-American, Chicano/Latino, and Native-American) are eligible for EOP.At UCSB, EOP services all students but focuses on low-income and first generation undergraduates. Why Should You Join EOP? If you apply to a school that has an EOP and you’re eligible, I highly recommend trying to join the program.Not only can you receive financial benefits but also the transitional summer program and advising can help you be successful in college and beyond. Many EOP students come from under-resourced schools and don’t enter college as prepared as their more affluent peers.Furthermore, because thesestudents may not have parents or family members who are knowledgeable about college, they’re not able to get the same guidance as other students, unless they participate in programs like EOP. Also, low-income, first generation college students can feel isolated on college campuses and have a hard time relating to their fellow students who come from more privileged backgrounds.EOP can help you find a community of students with backgrounds similar to yours, and you can receive counseling and mentorship to help you deal with the struggles that come from being a low-income, first generation college student. Many of the students I worked with joined EOP. Generally, they were grateful for the program, and I believe all of the students I know who were in EOP ended up graduating from college. Ralph Daily/Flickr How Do You Enroll in EOP? Typically, there is an application process to become part of EOP.Your financial information may be verified from your/your parents’ tax returns or the information you provide on your FAFSA.Check a school’s website or contact the EOP office if you have any questions. For CSUs, if you are interested in enrolling in EOP, you must complete asupplemental application,which is more demanding than most schools'.In addition to providing basic information, you have to provide recommendations and answer short answer questions. Not only do you have to meet the basic requirements but also you must be a motivated student who would appear to benefit from EOP. For UCs, you just have to enter additional information on your UC application if you’re interested in EOP.Also, you should indicate your interest in your UC personal statement. For SUNY schools, submit the regular application and indicate your interest in EOP. You may be asked to fill out additional forms and provide documentation. What If a School Doesn’t Have EOP or You’re Not Eligible? If you’re interested in participating in EOP but the schools you want to apply to don’t have an EOP or you’re not eligible, you may still be able to take advantage of support services to help you succeed in college.Look on the school’s website for support services. If you’re a low-income or first generation student, you can contact the admissions office to ask about specific support programs for low-income or first generation students. On Big Future, you can search for schools with support services for low-income or minority students. Additionally, on each school’s profile, you can view the types of support services that are available. Paul Townsend/Flickr What's Next? If you're stressing the cost of college, read this article to learn how to get a full ride scholarship. Maybe you're wondering whether or not college is right for you. Make an informed decision and decide for yourself if you should go to college. Finally, make sure you know how to research and choose a college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Trends in Healthcare Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trends in Healthcare Services - Essay Example rs such as (HMO, PPO, EPO & POS) accomplish the tasks of increasing outpatient care, reducing administrative costs, eliminating the complicated procedures and claims forms and minimize the unnecessary tests. This is done by reviewing needs of every patient before the treatment, needing a second opinion prior to allowing doctors to manage care, providing the authorization prior to hospitalization and administering before approval of services to be performed by the specialists. On the positive side, the managed care plan sponsors have added incentive of emphasizing procedures of preventive maintenance that helps patients to avoid serious health expenses and problems in future. For instance, through these plans patients can typically get checkups and physicals at very low rate or free that helps in detecting and preventing several long-term complications. Managed health care plans have managed to effectively displace the traditional fee-for-service insurance plans (Inc,

International Business Strategy - Protectionism Essay

International Business Strategy - Protectionism - Essay Example Economic integration leads to openness and openness triggers volatility leading to insecurity. To alleviate the fears, to provide security to the local firms, the governments need to have a protectionist attitude (Fitoussi, 2007). Protectionism interferes in the process of globalization as it puts strict limits on the interplay of free markets. In fact, the rise of protectionism led to the end of the first phase of globalization. The MNEs, however, attempt to overcome the host country protectionism through different ways. Protectionism implies that the government in the emerging economies will not let growth slow down. It will use the instruments of economic policy which assures to reduce the uncertainty linked with investment (Fitoussi, 2007). It also helps to increase the dynamism in the labor market. Protectionism definitely helps the â€Å"infant† industries in emerging markets. It fosters the long-term rate of growth of developing countries. Nevertheless, if these economies have to be integrated into the world economy, it requires a richer industrial structure. The fiscal and social receipts are too low and the welfare state is embryonic. Protectionism would allow it to develop a richer industrial structure and to provide through tariffs the necessary public funds to build a social system. Trade protection has to be there for the developing nations to eventually integrate into the world economy. Shiva (2005) is of the firm conviction that trade liberalization does not lead to development. â€Å"Aid for Trade† is merely a coercive imposition of trade liberalization by WTO, the World Bank, and IMF. These tactics enable the MNC’s to expand and enlarge in every sector - agriculture, services, manufacturing. Protectionism is justified because development should be endogenous and not imposed with conditions.

Journal Entry Essay Example for Free

Journal Entry Essay In the twentieth century, the journal of my Irish ancestor, Detective Robert Shorts, was found during an Estate sale. He immigrated from Ireland in the early 1850’s as a teenager and spent the later part of his life as Detroit’s Detective and, later, Police Chief. The following are his words. October 24, 1872, Detroit. It was a dark time. The city had been safe since the 1830’s, so safe that women could walk about without their husbands or go to work without an escort. Now. Well, now things were dark. I found myself standing alongside the latest victim, pretty, well-dressed, not a prostitute. A lady of means, murdered in broad daylight. I wondered what the world was coming to. Back in Ireland, this never would have happened to her. Things were different there. The main difference being that in Ireland, you knew where the bad neighborhoods were, and unless you were there for reasons unmentionable, you avoided them like the plague—for that’s what it would get you, and that would be the best of things. Things had changed so much if you didn’t know the new buildings in town you could get easily lost and wind up in a bad spot. Which is probably what happened to the lady, I considered. I saw nothing that would have placed her in this dark alley that used to be a small, slightly urban park. My hand rested on my pistol as the city’s finest surrounded me to take pictures of the scene and lay the tape that would seal this woman’s fate in history as one of the first victims of organized crime. December 26, 1880, Detroit. I was named Police Chief today, called in to work to have the torch handed down to me as the last Police Chief had been murdered by vindictive members of the mob. As of yet, we have apprehended no one in the cursed plague of murders that have been a result of their organized crime since I began as Detective on the force in the early 1870’s. As the holiday passed me without celebration, I began to wonder why I ever came to this country. I came alone, without parents to support me, and with only my wits to get me to this country of freedom and inspiration. America. Land of the free, brave, and dangerous. I don’t know what most immigrants were thinking or where we got such ideas. But, in trading crime for commerce, it is true that I make more in wages in one month today than I ever made in more than two years of factory work back in Ireland. Yet, in looking out my window, I considered what there was to feel inspired about when more than six slaughterhouses surrounded the precinct. I had to endure the rancid smell of rotting meat day in and day out while I worked my cases. The mayor has promised change in the area of expansion, and a business district, which would place the markets and businesses on a different block, but that ideal seems a long way off. The papers said today that the city has seen extensive growth, moving the population from two thousand to more than one hundred sixteen thousand in the past fifty years (Schneider, 3). That’s more than one hundred thousand people who have moved within the city lines in the past fifty years. It’s no wonder the city is floundering in crime and un-planned expansion. From what I’ve seen, this dramatic increase has done more for the volume of crime and murder than it has for the success or development of the city, but there is hope of a revitalization from the industrial revolution sweeping the nation, even reaching a dark place like Detroit.

The Maintenance Wizard :: social issues

The Maintenance Wizard The Maintenance Wizard. By Michael Levy.  © all rights reserved. If you own a modern computer, you will know there is a maintenance wizard in your windows software. With a click of the mouse you can sit back whilst the wizard automatically checks out your computer for any faults. If it finds anything amiss it will correct it within a few seconds. The wizard will also remove any files that are not needed in its memory banks. Wow! what a wizard...Wouldn't be great if we had a wizard in our minds that could remove sickness and get rid of all erroneous memories. A whole lifetime of never getting sick.... Well, we do have such a wizard enmeshed in every human being. .....Just a minute, I can sense you are not believing what I am saying. Well, what I am saying does fly in-the-face of modern conventional medical science. Non-the-less, if you live in true joy, you will never get sick. What is he talking about I hear you say............I'm deep in debt....... my son has been sent home from school for being a disruptive influence.....my beloved aunt is dying of cancer ... the boss is telling me business is slow and he may have to lay people off if things don't pick up.....the roof is leaking and the dogs got diarrhea....There is also a hundred and one other problems piling up on the back cooker. Quite so, everyone will be faced with problematic challenges every day of their lives. That is all part of the human experience of living in a modern day world. The main problem is, the world we live in is no longer natural. It has become perplexingly plastic and sophisticatedly complex and if we accept it as our reality, we will have no chance of living a healthy dis-ease free life. Simplicity is the answer to many problems but when given a choice of an easy way or a hard way to solve a problem, most "normal" people will take the hard egoistical route. Why?....Because they live with an egotistical, intellectual master/monster and it is his/her way or no-way. But, what about God..... Isn't 'he' supposed to help us live disease free? If he is watching over us why is ‘he' not listening to our prayers. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Why is he slinging a deaf ear? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Why is "he' allowing such suffering to all the kind innocent folks who are asking him for help? The Maintenance Wizard :: social issues The Maintenance Wizard The Maintenance Wizard. By Michael Levy.  © all rights reserved. If you own a modern computer, you will know there is a maintenance wizard in your windows software. With a click of the mouse you can sit back whilst the wizard automatically checks out your computer for any faults. If it finds anything amiss it will correct it within a few seconds. The wizard will also remove any files that are not needed in its memory banks. Wow! what a wizard...Wouldn't be great if we had a wizard in our minds that could remove sickness and get rid of all erroneous memories. A whole lifetime of never getting sick.... Well, we do have such a wizard enmeshed in every human being. .....Just a minute, I can sense you are not believing what I am saying. Well, what I am saying does fly in-the-face of modern conventional medical science. Non-the-less, if you live in true joy, you will never get sick. What is he talking about I hear you say............I'm deep in debt....... my son has been sent home from school for being a disruptive influence.....my beloved aunt is dying of cancer ... the boss is telling me business is slow and he may have to lay people off if things don't pick up.....the roof is leaking and the dogs got diarrhea....There is also a hundred and one other problems piling up on the back cooker. Quite so, everyone will be faced with problematic challenges every day of their lives. That is all part of the human experience of living in a modern day world. The main problem is, the world we live in is no longer natural. It has become perplexingly plastic and sophisticatedly complex and if we accept it as our reality, we will have no chance of living a healthy dis-ease free life. Simplicity is the answer to many problems but when given a choice of an easy way or a hard way to solve a problem, most "normal" people will take the hard egoistical route. Why?....Because they live with an egotistical, intellectual master/monster and it is his/her way or no-way. But, what about God..... Isn't 'he' supposed to help us live disease free? If he is watching over us why is ‘he' not listening to our prayers. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Why is he slinging a deaf ear? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Why is "he' allowing such suffering to all the kind innocent folks who are asking him for help?

Do Resuscitate Status: a Legal and Ethical Challenge for Nursing

Do Resuscitate Status: A Legal and Ethical Challenge for Nursing Shawn Wolkart Senior Integrative Seminar Spring A semester, 2010 University of Saint Mary Abstract A status of do resuscitate in those critically ill patients may result in a slow code. A slow code is a situation where the nursing staff decides to do less than the standard set forth by advanced life support algorithms and the nurse practice act and allow the patient to die instead of possibly sustaining life. The legal implications include falsification of documents and breaching the standard of care set forth by the nurse practice act. The ethical issues include malfeasance, dishonesty, and taking on the role of deciding who has a chance to live during a life threatening situation, demonstrating medical paternalism. When I was in nursing school, I did my rotations in a couple of intensive care units (ICU). Often I cared for patients who were very ill and possibly dying. I took very seriously the task of discussing do not resuscitate (DNR) status with the patient and family, even as a student. Many times, death was anticipated and those involved were ready to make a decision toward do not resuscitate status. The legal and ethical dilemma arose when the patient or family was against DNR status and wanted everything done. Some of the intensive care units that I have worked in had an unwritten status of â€Å"slow code† that the nursing staff would assign to patients that, according to consensus, would not survive. This slow code meant that the staff would call the code after the patient was too far-gone for successful resuscitation or that advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) protocol drugs would not be given. It may have been less than adequate CPR or decreasing the concentration of oxygen used. I had the understanding that life saving resources was not to be wasted on these patients. I heard nurses talk about squirting the drugs into a garbage can or into the mattress of the bed. In one small hospital in a small town, I rotated through a 7-bed intensive care unit. When the manager of the unit would receive a synopsis of the patients and their statuses she would ask about code status. She would tell me that ICU did not need to waste its resources on patients with a do not resuscitate (DNR) status. I, however, believed that â€Å"no code† did not mean â€Å"no care†. This manager would push the nurses to talk to the family and physicians about making the patient a DNR so they could be moved out to another level of care. For those patients with a dismal prognosis that did not become DNR, the staff would then decide if they should be a â€Å"slow code†. As a new upcoming nurse, this appalled me. How could nurses decide when we gave our all and when we held back? I never participated in these slow codes but I never reported what I heard. At that time I was certain the manager would have supported or even taught the nursing staff the techniques of slow codes. Performing these slow codes was a breach in legal and ethical conduct. Legally, the charting would include the drugs given that were actually being wasted, constituting falsification of documents. If these nurses were turned over to the legal system, they could have been charged with harm to the patient by with holding treatment. The nurse’s participation also breached the nurse practice act by not following the standard of care. Ethically, there are issues of malfeasance, dishonesty, and â€Å"playing God† by making decisions about life and death. There were many times that I felt that our efforts were wasted on ninety year old patients with radiation markings for cancer treatment but I always tried to do my best and follow the patients and family’s wishes. I spent time explaining to families the condition of their loved one and what resuscitation did to a body. I wanted the family to understand what resuscitation efforts looked like and the damage they may cause. My instructor often thought I got too involved. I too did not want to resuscitate a patient dying of pancreatic cancer or from severe head trauma but never felt that I had the authority to make those decisions. Although it has been many years since I rotated through an intensive care, I am sure these issues still arise. As a nurse I worked in the pediatric and neonatal ICU’s and thankfully was not exposed to this type of ethical dilemma. In those instances we did everything we could for those little lives. Today, I would report this to the manager and follow the hain of command. The staff needs education and training on end of life care and issues, legal and ethical dilemmas in relation to code status, and review of the nurse practice act. Reviewing legal cases and outcomes with the staff may also increase awareness of the dangers of practices such as slow codes. Nurses are to be healing, caring, empathetic and supportive of patients and families during critical illness, death and dying. At that time, I was just a student nurse and had yet to realize the consequences of this unethical practice. However, as a manager equipped with the knowledge of the ethical and legal dilemmas of a slow code, my actions today would be different. Involving the ethics committee in these cases would be encouraged. According to Pozgar (2007), â€Å"An ethics committee in the health care setting is a multidisciplinary committee that serves as a hospital resource to patients, families, and staff, offering an objective counsel when facing difficult health care issues and decisions. † As a manager, I have a duty to care and having staff breach this duty to care would also be my responsibility. Falsification of medical records is grounds for criminal indictment, as well as civil liability even if the intent was not malicious. Punitive damages may be awarded even if the falsification did not cause compensable harm (Pozgar 2007). Negligence must also be considered in these slow codes. It could be shown that the patient was not given an opportunity to survive. As a manager aware of these slow codes, I would be prepared to bring disciplinary action against those participating and to report their actions to the state board of nursing as necessary. This type of behavior violates patient autonomy and is similar to medical paternalism, which involves the health care professional making decisions for those capable of making their own. These actions in slow codes can constitute passive euthanasia, involving the withholding of life-saving treatment. (Pozgar 2007) These types of situations and the legal and ethical dilemmas surrounding them will continue in the future. With machines that can sustain cardiopulmonary function, the medical and lay communities will continue to question what constitutes death and the realities of dying. We will also continue to encounter situational ethics, where one’s values and moral character can changes with difficult decisions (Pozgar 2007). What I would not change is that staff continues to receive education and support in these difficult situations. After reviewing the material and reflecting on the various legal and ethical issues presented during the course work, my thinking about these events has not changed concerning the legal aspects. Legally, withholding treatment and falsifying documentation is negligence on the nurse’s part, punishable by tort law. The ethics considerations in these events and others studied presented a plethora of considerations including paternalism, euthanasia, and dishonesty. I would involve administration and the ethics committee to conduct a review of the case and appropriate investigation. If an investigation reveals wrongdoing, the issues encompass the legal, clinical, and public relations perspectives. If the practice is disclosed to the family, civil suits may result. If the practice is disclosed to the community, trust may be affected and the hospital’s reputation damaged. The administration and medical staff are legally bound and ethically obligated to report information affecting the licensure of professionals involved, including nurses and other physicians. If the facility chooses the course of saving the family the emotional pain of knowing that more could have been done by not disclosing the slow code, are they really only protecting themselves from further damage? The ethical decisions to be made over known slow codes are not easy, but it remains important that the thought process is a clear as possible. Any course of action will have practical and moral implications. (Boyle, 2001) The ethics committee is a valuable resource to be utilized when these difficult situations occur. In the past, I viewed the ethics committee as a shadow of administration that was only to be used in the most difficult life and death cases involving comatose mothers and unborn children. However, now the ethics committee can be utilized as a powerful resource for supporting and educating staff, patients, and families. As expansive as the legal issues are in a slow code, the ethical issues are doubled. The education I have received by participating in this course leaves me confused as to why these practices were allowed and ashamed that I did not do more to properly report this practice. However, I can now take a stance in educating others on the moral, legal, and ethical standards concerning the practice of slow codes. This will remain a challenge, as I recently had the nurse manager of a critical care unit say that slow codes were the best thing that physicians and nurses could do for a patient at times. Dying with dignity, when patients and families are informed and supported, is a better path than one filled with negligence and dishonesty. References Pozgar, G. D. , (2007). Legal aspects of health care administration (10th ed. ). Sudbury, MA. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. Boyle, P. J. , Dubois, E. R. , Ellingson, S. J. , Guinn, D. E. , & McCurdy, D. B. (2001). Organizational ethics in health care: Principles, cases, and practical solutions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Boko Haram is winning so far in Nigeria Essay

Nigeria has ever faced series of security threatening challenges, but Boko haram is the most powerful sect so far. The sect claims responsibility for several bombings and snip activities in the northern and central Nigeria, thereby placing the nation at the threshold of disintegration this paper describes briefly how the Terrorists use murder, kidnapping, and bombings to pursue a political agenda. Then will introduce the rise of Boko Haram, a radical Islamist sect who is fighting to overthrow the government in Nigeria and create an Islamic state. Many questions in mind like who are this group? Who’s funding it? How they treat their prisoners? The government has been unable to put an end to it, will see at the end if he gets any help from other nations? In past years, most people thought terrorism is only happening in the Middle East countries but now terrorism is every were, even in the most powerful countries. Terrorism is more like terrible and brutal violence with only one purpose of terrified the people. It has two main purposes, to put pressure on the authorities, to spread fear and uncertainty first between the people; their action involves serious violence against a person or serious damage to property, endangers a person’s life. Second, they interfere to disrupt an electronic system, influence the government, advancing a political, religious or ideological cause. According to Rotberg, nation-states fail because they are convulsed by internal violence, and as a result are unable to provide security and positive political goods to their citizens. (2003:1). The Religion Terrorism is one of the most violent they think that dying in a terrorist act is sacred and holy; they see it as divinely commanded. Boko haram is Nigeria’s militant Islamist group which has caused havoc in Africa’s. It seems that the sect may prefer to be called â€Å"Jama’atu Ahlissunnah lidda’ awati wal Jihad† , which can be glossed â€Å"Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet’s Teachings and Jihad† (Mu’azu 2011:17).They believe that anyone who is not governed by what Allah has revealed is among the transgressors. They killed around six hundred people in various attacks in 2011, and the number of casualties doubled in the first four months of 2012 (Pothuraju 2012:1) Because they regards at the Nigerian state as being run by non-believers, even when the country had a Muslim president. Boko Haram members are fully convinced that moral and social decadence has eaten deep into the fabric of the Nigerian society and are resolved to rid the society of corruption and moral bankruptcy by establishing an ideal Islamic society, devoid of political corruption and moral deprivation (Akanji 2009:60) One of the most powerful factors that contribute the Boko haram is that the Islamic Republics, donations from members who links with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, During the interview, on 14 June 2010, Droukdel the leader of AQIM claimed that his â€Å"group would provide Boko Haram with weapons, training, and other support in order to expand its own reach into Sub-Saharan Africa not only to gain ‘strategic depth,’ but also to defend Muslims in Nigeria and stop the advance of a minority of Crusaders† (cited in Pham 2012:3). With funding from government, they are able to buy and train more men than most other terrorist organizations. In effect, with their financial support, Boko Haram backers have become—covertly or overtly—a part of the conspiracy to instigate war against the Nigerian state, civilians, Christians, students, and public institutions (Adesoji 2011:107). Leaders of many Christian organizations in Nigeria have out in support of the government’s decision to declare a state of emergency in the country’s northern states, Borno, Adamawa and Yobe. Many of their peoples live in a terror because of the group targets the religious minority for some of its most brutal attacks. Also, the government in Nigeria has asked its northern neighbor Niger for help in an offensive against Boko Haram insurgents. Plus, the U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton mentioned Boko Haram during her testimony before Congressional committees. She called it part of the same global jihadist movement as al-Qaida and Ansar al-Sharia. Finally, Boko Haram has killed thousands as it seeks to spread conservative Islamic law across Nigeria. Its frequent bombing targets include police, soldiers and Christian churches. Nigeria’s military have been involved in heavy fighting against this sect and hopefully with the help of the other nations, the government gets back the control on Nigeria. Works Cited Adesoji, Abimbola, O. 2011. Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Response of the Nigerian State. Africa Today 57(4):99-119 Akanji, Olajide, 0. 2009. The Politics of Combating Domestic Terrorism in Nigeria. In Domestic Terrorism in Africa: Defining, Addressing and Understanding its impact on Human Security, edited by W. Okumu and A. Botha. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies Mu’azu, Abubakar. 2011. Understanding the Emerging Trend of Terrorism in Nigeria: A Case Study of Boko Haram and Similar Groups. Monograph series, 16. Lagos, Nigeria: CLEEN Foundation. Pham, Peter. 2012. Boko Haram’s Evolving Threat. Africa’s Security Brief 30:1 -8 Pothurju, Babjee. 2012. Boko Haram’s Persistent Threat in Nigeria. Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis. http://www.idsa.in/system/files/ThreatlnNigeria_BabjePothuraju.pdf Rotberg, Robert. 2002. The New Nature of Nation-State Failure. The Washington Quarterly 25(3):85-96. 2003. State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press

Create an Endothermic Chemical Reaction

Create an Endothermic Chemical Reaction Most  endothermic reactions  contain toxic chemicals, but this reaction is safe and easy. Indeed, this experiment requires no toxic chemicals   a rarity in chemistry studies. Use it as a demonstration or vary the amounts of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate to make an experiment. Materials Citric acid and baking soda are available at most grocery stores. Citric acid is used for canning, while baking soda is used for baking. Heres what youll need: 25 milliliters of citric acid solution15 grams of baking sodaplastic foam cupthermometerstirring rod Creating the Reaction Pour the citric acid solution into a  coffee cup. Use a thermometer or other temperature probe to record the initial temperature.Stir in the baking soda   sodium bicarbonate. Track the change in temperature as a function of time.The reaction is: H3C6H5O7(aq) 3 NaHCO3(s) → 3 CO2(g) 3 H2O(l) Na3C6H5O7(aq)When you have completed your demonstration or experiment, wash the cup out in a sink. Tips for Success Feel free to vary the concentration of the citric acid solution or the quantity of sodium bicarbonate.An endothermic is a reaction that requires energy to proceed. The intake of energy may be observed as a decrease in temperature as the reaction proceeds. Once the reaction is complete, the temperature of the mixture will return to ​​room temperature.

Character and Setting Analysis of the Play Fences

Character and Setting Analysis of the Play 'Fences' Arguably August Wilsons most renowned work, Fences explores the life and relationships of the Maxson family. This moving drama was written in 1983 and earned Wilson his first Pulitzer Prize. Fences  is part of  August Wilsons Pittsburg Cycle, a collection of ten plays. Each drama explores a different decade in the 20th century, and each examines the lives and struggles of African-Americans. The protagonist, Troy Maxson is a restless trash-collector and former baseball athlete. Though deeply flawed, he represents the struggle for justice and fair treatment during the 1950s. Troy also represents human natures reluctance to recognize and accept social change. In the playwrights setting description, symbols connected to his character can be found: the house, the incomplete fence, the porch, and the makeshift baseball tied to a tree branch. Origins of Troy Maxson According to Joseph Kelly, editor of The Seagull Reader: Plays, Troy Maxson is loosely based upon August Wilsons step-father, David Bedford. The following can be said about both men: Talented, young athletes.Unable to attend college.Turned to crime for income.Killed a man.Spent decades in prison.Married and settled down to a new life after a  prison term. The Setting Reveals the Man The set description provides several clues to the heart of Troy Maxsons character. Fences takes place in the front yard of Troys ancient two-story brick house. The house is a source of both pride and shame for Troy. He is proud to provide a home for his family. He is also ashamed because he realizes that the only way he could afford the house is through his brother (a mentally unstable WWII veteran) and the disability checks he receives because of it. Building Fences Also mentioned in the setting description, an incomplete fence borders part of the yard. Tools and lumber are off to the side. These set pieces will provide the literal and metaphoric activity of the play: building a fence around Troys property. Questions to consider in an essay about Fences: What does the act of building a fence symbolize?What is Troy Maxson trying to keep out?What is he trying to keep in? Troy's Porch and Homelife According to the playwrights description, the wooden porch is badly in need of paint. Why does it need paint? Well, in practical terms, the porch is a recent addition to the house. Therefore, it could simply be seen as a task not quite finished. However, the porch is not the only thing in dire need of attention. Troys wife of eighteen years, Rose, has also been neglected. Troy has spent time and energy on both his wife and the porch. However, Troy ultimately does not commit to his marriage nor to the unpainted, unfinished porch, leaving each to the mercy of the elements. Baseball and "Fences" At the beginning of the script, August Wilson makes certain to mention an important prop placement. A baseball bat leans against the tree and a ball of rags is tied to a branch. Both Troy and his teenage son Cory (a football star in the making - if it wasnt for his embittered father) practice swinging at the ball. Later on in the play, when the father and son argue, the bat will be turned on Troy - though Troy will ultimately win in that confrontation. Troy Maxson was a great baseball player, at least according to his friend Bono. Although he played brilliantly for the Negro Leagues, he was not allowed to on the white teams, unlike Jackie Robinson. The success of Robinson and other black players is a sore subject for Troy. Because he was born at the wrong time, he never earned the recognition or the money which he felt he deserved and discussion of professional sports will often send him into a tirade. Baseball serves as Troys main way of explaining his actions. When he talks about facing death, he uses baseball terminology, comparing a face-off with the grim reaper to a duel between a pitcher and a batter. When he bullies his son Cory, he warns him: TROY: You swung and you missed. Thats strike one. Dont you strike out! During Act Two of Fences, Troy confesses to Rose about his infidelity. He explains not only that he has a mistress, but that she is pregnant with his child. He uses a baseball metaphor to explain why he had an affair: TROY: I fooled them, Rose. I bunted. When I found you and Cory and a halfway decent job . . . I was safe. Couldnt nothing touch me. I wasnt gonna strike out no more. I wasnt going back to the penitentiary. I wasnt gonna lay in the streets with a bottle of wine. I was safe. I had me a family. A job. I wasnt gonna get that last strike. I was on first looking for one of them boys to knock me in. To get me home.​ ROSE: You should have stayed in my bed, Troy. TROY: Then when I saw that gal . . . she firmed up my backbone. And I got to thinking that if I tried . . . I just might be able to steal second. Do you understand after eighteen years I wanted to steal second. Troy the Garbage Man The final details mentioned in the setting description reflect Troys later years as a hard-working garbage man. August Wilson writes, Two oil drums serve as garbage receptacles and sit near the house. For nearly two decades, Troy worked from the back of the garbage truck alongside his friend Bono. Together, they hauled junk throughout the neighborhoods and alleyways of Pittsburg. But Troy wanted more. So, he finally sought a promotion - not an easy task due to the white, racist employers and union members. Ultimately, Troy earns the promotion, allowing him to drive the garbage truck. However, this creates a solitary occupation, distancing himself from Bono and other friends (and perhaps symbolically separating himself from his African-American community).

Perform a rhetorical analysis of a work of your choosing Essay - 1

Perform a rhetorical analysis of a work of your choosing - Essay Example Some advertisers focus on a particular age group and design the advertisement on their perception about what the people of that age group would like to see (Haase, 1931 pp 67-80). On the other hand, other advertisers use a different approach to target their customers. They make up a plan to target their customers by dividing them in the gender groups. The common theme of those advertisements is the use of texts and visuals to attract the customers. Designing an advertisement campaign for children would require the marketers to use cartoon characters, colourful pictures and creative art work to attract them, whereas, such an advertisement would fail to grab the attention of professional people to sale machinery or equipments (Macleod, 2009 pp. 23-45). Hence, the use of symbols, language and illustrations is of immense importance in targeting audience and increasing sales. The rhetoric analysis is helpful in evaluating the success of advertisements in capturing the attention of consume rs by the use of symbolic and textual information. The symbolic features of an advertisement also give some information about the product. Firstly the advertisement of Camel contains eye-catching pictures and excellent colour contacts to grab the attention of the consumers. The advertisement has made use of different font styles and sizes to make it look more unique. The use of font sizes and styles greatly depend on what the advertiser really wants to tell the customer and what is necessary or obligatory to include but not desired by the advertiser. The main message that the advertiser of Camel cigarette wants to deliver is the different flavours available for the season. This advertising campaign seems to be for a limited season. It states that â€Å"There’s only one season to indulge in both† and further names the season with the flavour it has â€Å""Camel Winter MochaMint, a chilly blast of peppermint and Mocha [or] Camel Warm Winter Toffee, a swirl of sweet indu lgence, cool and minty or warm & toasty.† The Camel advertisement features a female with a good physical appearance. These characters basically point towards the targeted audience. The picture of that female character with slim body and distinct style separating the two flavours of the cigarette by her leg is more likely to attract teenagers and age groups between 20 and 30. Camel’s advertisement is more likely to gather female consumers for the brand. The colour scheme of Camel’s advertisement and the icons used are more motivated to target teenagers. The smile and the way the girl is depicted while smoking seems more like a fashionable and pleasurable practice. Teenagers may want to try it once, especially girls, to look trendy, fashionable and modern. Camel’s advertisement does not weigh equal in visual and textual elements and more emphasis is placed on the use of pictures, colours and symbols. Cigarettes have increasingly become famous in the world to day and to keep the flow of purchases in this world the manufacturers have to advertise their products. The advertisements of cigarettes are hard to make which is only because of the fact that cigarettes are supposed to be harmful to human life. In this case the manufacturers have to be very careful when advertising for their products. Such an example of cigarette advertisement can be viewed in the advertisement of Camel. The manufacturers have been very careful when

Risk And Project Management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Risk And Project Management - Literature review Example Risk management is â€Å"the process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to business and project risk in order to minimize the consequences of adverse risk-based events† (Barkley, 2004, p. 3). According to Silvers (2010), the management of events is complex and replete with responsibilities. The process of preparing plans and executing them requires the participation of a good number of personnel, equipment and expertise, all of which must be gathered at one location in order to accomplish the set of activities that would complete the planned project. Events may be small in scale and limited in their complexity; others would be substantially more challenging, taking a much longer time to complete, and requiring the collaboration of many other talents working in conjunction with each other, the setting (location, time, weather, etc.) and against the constraints of a budget. Because of the multitude of unknown factors, risks abound in the execution of a project, from the p lanning phase until the last clean-up operation. There are financial risks that pertain to the business side, implying the possibility that the expected returns may not be realized. There are also the real risks of physical injury due to fortuitous events that, despite all precautions, occur unexpectedly. The job of events management is to assess and take cognizance of all these risks, so as to allocate for the possibility that they may happen and to allow the project team to address them. The importance of this topic is attested to by a substantial number of articles and researches that have been undertaken on the topic of project. This chapter shall review the available literature on the subject. Below are two diagrams depicting the risk management process, sequentially and then functionally. Project definition and project life cycle The risks attendant to events management are of the same nature of risks to which all projects are subjected to. A project is â€Å"an activity that has a beginning and an end which is carried out to achieve a particular purpose to a set quality within given time constraints and cost limits† (Chartered Management Institute). Essentially, events are projects with a tangible beginning and end and dedicated to attain one result, and therefore follow the project life cycle development. The project life cycle is a representation of â€Å"the linear progression of a project, from defining the project through making a plan, executing the work, and losing out the project† (Verzuh, 2008, p. 23). There are numerous ways of depicting the life cycle of a project, one of which is presented in the following diagram. http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/century21/figure3.gif The risks of doing business There are many types of projects that have different objectives; whether they are philanthropic or for profit, there is certainly a cost factor involved that places a constraint on the manner the business is run. At best, the project s hould earn a decent return for the organizers where the aim is fund raising or the furtherance of a business. At the least, the costs incurred must be within the limits set by the sponsors. In any case, uncertainties in the events surrounding the project’s execution may impact in the form of higher than expected costs or lower than expected revenues. According to Ibrahim (2010), it is possible to introduce some diversification in order for events

Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cloning - Essay Example By discussing these to the full extent, we will be able to come to a more conclusive and knowledgeable objective on this subject of interest. The aim of this paper is to discuss of this, as well as the other key factors in regards to this issue. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The term cloning is literally referred to as "using specialized DNA technology to produce multiple, exact copies of a single gene or other segment of DNA to obtain enough material for further study." ("CDC", 2006). The process itself is actually referred to as cloning DNA, and the resulting cloned (or copied) collections of DNA molecules are called clone libraries. In more simple terms, cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of something original. In the cloning of a gene, there must be extraction from one gene from an organism and insert that into another organism, where it can then be used and studied. There is also a related technique to this which is called subcloning, which refers to the transferring of a gene from one plasmid into another, again for further study. Cloning is the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means. Although the idea of cloning may seem rather revolutionary to some, it has in fact been around for some while. It has been used for many years to produce plants (in fact even growing a plant from a cutting is a type of cloning). The terms 'recombinant DNA technology', 'DNA cloning', 'molecular cloning', or 'gene cloning' all refer to the same process: the transfer of a DNA fragment on interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. "This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today." (Cloning Fact Sheet, 2006). When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually only talking about one type of cloning, which is called reproductive cloning. However, there are many different forms of cloning, including human cloning, animal cloning, and cellular cloning. As for reproductive cloning, it is a technology which is used to generate an animal that has the same DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. The majority of reproductive cloning has so far been tried and tested on animals, with the modern cloning techniques involving nuclear transfers being successfully performed on several species. These land mark experiments in chronological order are: Tadpole (1952) Carp (1963) Sheep (1986) Rhesus monkey: Tetra (female, January 2000) Cattle: Alpha and Beta (males, 2001) and (2005) Brazil Cat: Copycat "CC" (female, late 2001), Little Nicky (2004) was the first cat cloned for commercial reasons Mule: Idaho Gem (2003) Horse: Prometea (2003) Human (2005) Dog: Snuppy (2005) The recent success in cloning animals has sparked fierce debates among scientists, politicians and the general public about the use and morality of cloning plants, animals and possibly humans. Although some argue that cloning can be used for many positive reasons, such as to preserve and increase the number of various endangered species, others are outraged at the 'misuse and mistreatment of science'. Currently the most successful cloning technique is that of the somatic cell nuclear transfer. This is the same cloning technique which allowed Dolly the sheep to be cloned, is also the same technique used by ACT - the first company to

Sustainable Tourism in Developing Countries

Sustainable Tourism in Developing Countries To what extent can tourism be  sustainable in developing countries? Introduction Tourism Sustainability Conclusion References Introduction When one looks at monetary flows, along with the creation of jobs, the tourism sector represents one of the largest industries globally[1]. The preceding aspect is an important one, as tourism provides the opportunity for small and medium sized (5 through 500 employees) businesses to form, along with micro enterprises that typical consist of fewer than six people, and usually represent family operations[2]. These types of enterprises create employment opportunities, and in tourism, particularly in developing countries, the influx of tourist money provides openings for street vendors, cart food services, transport, and other self employment[3]. An example of the importance of micro enterprises and SME’s is provided in an International Finance Corporation report authored by Hallberg[4] that states these types of firms represent the majority of employment. She points out that in Ecuador firms with less than 50 employees represents 99 percent of all enterprises in that country, an d 55 percent of employment[5]. In the case of Bangladesh, enterprises with less than 100 employees represented 99 percent of all companies, employing 58 percent of all workers[6]. The preceding has been brought forth to provide the context for this examination in the extent that tourism can be sustainable in developing countries. The point being made is that the hard currency flows represent an economic benefit that is important not only in tourism monies spent, but also as a basis for foreign investment and the creation of opportunities for foreign businesses to set up operations, with tourism as the entree. The foregoing economic benefits represent a critical facet in approaching and understanding the importance of tourism to developing countries. The preceding importance also holds true for developed countries as well. The importance of tourism in developed countries is brought forth by the Assistant Secretary General of the World Tourism Organization, Geoffrey Lipman, who stated â€Å"Showing the full economic impact of the sector in the Index will enhance travel tourism’s relevance for policy-makers†¦The Index makes clear that, although industrialized states currently dominate, poorer countries have a massive potential to be the leading force in international tourism,[7]. The significance of mentioning this Report in the context of this examination is that it provides an analysis of key drivers regarding competitiveness, which are thirteen pillars, as represented by â€Å"1. policy rules and regulations, 2. environmental regulation, 3. safety and security, 4. health an d hygiene, 5. prioritisation of travel and tourism, 6. air transport infrastructure, 7. ground transport infrastructure, 8. tourism infrastructure, 9. information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, 10. price competitiveness, 11. human capital, 12. national tourism perception, and 13. natural and cultural resources[8]. The benefits to a country and its populace as a result of tourism can have long term implications economically, however, the foundations, as set forth by the foregoing pillars, indicates that attaining such a goal requires commitment and a national plan to achieve. Tourism Sustainability The preceding brought forth the complexities involved in conducting tourism, highlighting that it is not a segment that can be entered into lightly if long term and sustainable results are to be achieved. An example of the Index illustrates the foregoing: Chart 1 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index – Regulatory Framework Segments 1 through 5[9] Pillars 1. Policy 2. Environment 3. Safety 4. Health 5. Priority Rules Sustainability Security Hygiene TT Country Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Albania 104 3.69 93 4.08 71 4.93 59 476 104 3.55 Argentina 91 3.95 107 3.94 98 4.45 40 5.62 70 4.23 Austria 22 5.04 53 4.63 21 5.85 37 5.72 32 4.92 Bangladesh 114 3.31 121 3.71 129 2.83 117 2.11 122 2.77 Bolivia 127 2.88 104 3.98 92 4.53 14 6.51 91 3.81 Botswana 74 4.13 68 4.42 50 5.26 97 3.24 82 3.95 U.K. 5 5.54 10 5.56 65 5.01 41 5.58 43 4.69 U.S. 19 5.22 100 4.02 119 3.75 44 5.50 21 5.26 Chart 2 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index – Regulatory Framework Segments 6 through 10[10] Pillars 6. Air 7. Ground 8. Tourism 9. ICT 10 Price Transport Transport Infrastructure Infrastructure Compettive Country Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Albania 112 2.20 116 2.55 86 2.53 86 2.16 90 4.33 Argentina 67 2.94 90 3.05 53 3.91 54 3.03 41 4.94 Austria 29 4.25 10 6.03 1 7.00 20 4.88 104 4.17 Bangladesh 116 2.12 69 3.56 122 1.29 122 1.52 10 5.44 Bolivia 108 2.25 114 2.59 99 2.21 106 1.81 14 5.32 Botswana 77 2.72 72 3.50 78 2.80 92 2.05 6 5.49 U.K. 4 5.65 11 5.85 16 6.18 9 5.46 127 3.44 U.S. 2 6.34 19 5.45 6 6.74 13 5.23 105 4.18 Chart 3 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index – Regulatory Framework Segments 11 through 14[11] Pillars 11. Human 12. Affinity 13. Natural 14. Cultural Resources Resources Resources Country Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Albania 58 5.03 6 6.32 130 1.87 75 2.17 Argentina 60 5.01 74 4.69 12 5.01 41 3.29 Austria 19 5.62 23 5.45 37 4.00 11 5.59 Bangladesh 107 4.26 125 3.95 100 2.61 109 1.44 Bolivia 98 4.60 116 4.18 15 4.86 62 2.45 Botswana 124 3.36 58 4.85 31 4.20 113 1.37 U.K. 7 5.87 90 4.54 27 4.35 4 6.28 U.S. 5 5.91 114 4.29 2 6.04 7 5.83 The preceding Charts provide a summary look at the varied areas that a country needs to consider in order to make tourism work in the face of the high rate of competitiveness. It points out the comparative facets inherent in generating tourism as well as a basis for understanding areas of deficiency and potential strengths in crafting a plan for sustainability. In order to increase and build the tourism sector, the country, its business community as well as populace need to be able to contribute as well as participate in the process. Britton[12] helps us to understand that tourism entails â€Å"†¦travel flows; microscale spatial structure and land use of tourist places and facilities; economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts of tourist activity; impacts of tourism in third world countries; geographic patterns of recreation and leisure pastimes; and the planning implications of all these topics† as vital areas. In order to arrive at the point of sustainability in tourism, third world countries have to have or be in the process of developing the underlying structures that create and generate attraction for potential visits, with the understanding that other locales are engaging in the same objectives[13]. Thus, sustainability means building upon what currently exists via definitive plans to maintain present levels, and of course enhance them in order to compete effectively. Richards and Hall[14] advise that sustainable tourism represents a broad range of issues, which the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index illustrated[15]. It, sustainable tourism, includes cultural facets, social accountability, environmental practices, economic considerations, quality of life, safety and security issues in terms of crime and policing. Universally, there is no agreed upon framework for sustainable tourism as the conditions, circumstances and allied facets for countries differ. However, sustainability in tourism is a real factor, one that demands the coordinated and concerned effort of the government, businesses and populace to work. In understanding the sustainability aspects and why such is important, one needs to be mindful of the economic ramifications that are the foundation for the importan ce attached to tourism by all countries, not just developing ones[16]. Tourism is an economic pursuit, and as such it aids a country, and more specifically city and or region to grow, improve and earn currency from travellers, investment, and new business openings[17]. The importance of tourism as an economic force is evidenced by the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which developed the first legally binding multilateral agreement that deals with trade in the tourism sector[18]. Its main provision sets forth the elimination of barriers to prevent foreign service providers and investors from participating in market access[19]. In order to make tourism sustainable, governmental policies, standards and practices need to ensure that there are a series of planned steps to enhance the efforts in the tourist sector, which unfortunately is not usually the case in developing countries[20]. Usually, in developing countries, efforts to promote tourism have been initiated and implemented by the private sector as well as in some cases citizen’s groups[21]. The foregoing represents a core issue in that these types of efforts are doomed to be short term actions based upon surges in popularity of an area generated by avant garde travellers that have discovered a quiet, generally unspoiled location, and other disjointed means that does not have an official plan behind it[22]. As shown by the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index[23], competition in the tourism segment is marked by a broad number of underlying foundations that require concerted efforts and involvement on the part of the aforementioned government, private business sector, and community. Obvious facets that require government participation on a defined level represent marketing and promotional activities through an official tourist agency, the long term and consistent development of infrastructure related areas such as airports, transport, roads, and other support factors[24]. The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development[25] points to the importance of national, regional and local governments in planning for sustainable development as the â€Å"†¦providers of social services, builders of economic infrastructure, regulators of economic activity, and managers of the natural environment, local authorities have many direct instruments at their disposal to influence development†. The U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development[26] adds to the preceding by telling us that planned tourism activities are essential to ensure that the local communities have a level playing field in terms of inclusion and involvement concerning the economic wealth generated by tourist activities, along with planning to minimise environmental impacts, and improvement of the social welfare. Tourism is an industry that competes with like locations on the international stage, with many developing countries organised for this area in a concerned manner. To compete on this level, sustainable tourism must operate like a business. Place or destination marketing is a hallmark in the process, which Gold and Ward[27] advise â€Å"†¦ is defined as a process whereby local activities are related as closely as possible to the demands of the targeted customer †¦ (with the intention) to maximise the efficient social and economic functioning of the area concerned, in accordance with whatever wider goals have been established†. Each locale has to identify its special features and communicate the advantages that it has to prospective travelers through concerted efforts. Products and services offered by companies are geared toward the long term, noted by their comprehensive marketing, promotional and related plans to seek competitive advantages, and induce consumer trial[28]. To be effective over the long term, sustainable, destinations need to treat their locales in the same manner that companies do. Conclusion Sustainable tourism in developing countries represents an important economic aspect that can help to spur foreign investment in a broader sphere of industrial areas outside of tourism if conducted in a concerted manner. The importance of the preceding is that tourism is an important economic tool that can be utilised for broad range of areas that can benefit a developing country if its government has the vision, commitment and foresight to see the real world implications and demonstrated successes that tourism can bring. As pointed out, tourism represents a commitment to infrastructure, marketing, promotion, and the involvement of the private business sector along with the local communities that will be impacted to set the foundation for programs, facilities, business opportunities and commercial realisations that benefit the locale. Tourism is a means to change external opinions and perceptions of an area through internally directed programs such as place marketing. While some destinations may have been discovered by travellers or writers and became trendy ‘in spots’ that position will dwindle for the next ‘in spot’ unless the government takes notice and seizes the opportunity to make the location one that stays on the tourist radar. In other instances, locales can be put into the tourist arena as a result of their special circumstances and conditions, such as weather, beaches, lakes, snow, forests, wild animals, monuments and ancient cities, cultural festivals and the like , Whatever the nuance, the building of travel requires planned infrastructure to enhance the experience. Easy transport access, rent cars, power, Internet lines, police, etc. Sustainable tourism requires sustainable efforts in order to make it work. References Apostolopoulos, Y., Gayle, D. (2002) Island Tourism and Sustainable Development: Caribbean, Pacific, and Mediterranean Experiences. Praeger Publishers. Westport, CT, United States Beirman, D. (2003) Restoring Tourism Destinations in Crisis: A Strategic Marketing Approach. Allen Unwin. Crows Nest, New South Wales Britton, S. (1991) Tourism, capital and place: towards a critical geography of tourism. Vol. 9. No. 4. Environment and Planning Development Bull, A. (1995) The economics of travel and tourism. Longman Press. Melbourne, Australia Coleman, S., Crang, M. (2002) Tourism: Between Place and Performance. Berghahn Books. New York, New York, United States Duffy-Smith, M. (2003) The Ethics of Tourism Development. Routledge. London, United Kingdom Font, X., Bendell, J. (2002) Standards for Sustainable Tourism for the Purpose of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. World Tourism Organisation. Madrid, Spain Gold, J., Ward, S. (1994) Place Promotion: The Use of Publicity and Marketing to Sell Towns and Regions. John H. Wiley Sons. New York, New York, United States Hallberg, K. (2001) A Market-Oriented Strategy for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises- International Finance Corporation. Discussion Paper 40. Washington, D.C., United States Mahdi, A., Osman, M. (2000) An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Small and Micro-Enterprise Finance in Employment Creation. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.iceg.org/NE/projects/labor/epicfinal.pdf Mowforth, M., Munt, I. (2003) Tourism Sustainability: Development and Tourism in the Third World. Routledge. London, United Kingdom Richards, G., Hall, D. (2000) Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. Routledge. London, United Kingdom Porter, M. (1980) Competitive Strategy: Techniques of Analysing Industries and Competitors. Free Press. New York, New York, United States The U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development (1999) Tourism and Sustainable Development: The Global Importance of Tourism. The U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development. New York, New York, United States UNCTAD (2002) Growing Micro and Small Enterprises in LDCs. UNCTAD, New York, United States United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (1999) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Sustainable Tourism, A Local Authority Perspective. United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, New York, New York, United States World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forum’s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease World Travel and Tourism Organisation (1999) The Global Importance of Tourism. Commission on Sustainable Development. World Travel and Tourism Organisation, New York, New York, United States 1 Footnotes [1] World Travel and Tourism Organisation (1999) The Global Importance of Tourism. Commission on Sustainable Development. World Travel and Tourism Organisation, New York, New York, United States [2] UNCTAD (2002) Growing Micro and Small Enterprises in LDCs. UNCTAD, New York, United States [3] Mahdi, A., Osman, M. (2000) An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Small and Micro-Enterprise Finance in Employment Creation. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.iceg.org/NE/projects/labor/epicfinal.pdf [4] Hallberg, K. (2001) A Market-Oriented Strategy for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises- International Finance Corporation. Discussion Paper 40. Washington, D.C., United States [5] Ibid [6] Ibid [7] World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forum’s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease [8] Ibid [9] World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forum’s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease [10] World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forum’s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease [11] World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forum’s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease [12] Britton, S. (1991) Tourism, capital and place: towards a critical geography of tourism. Vol. 9. No. 4. Environment and Planning Development. p. 451 [13] Mowforth, M., Munt, I. (2003) Tourism Sustainability: Development and Tourism in the Third World. Routledge. London, United Kingdom. p. 6 [14] Richards, G., Hall, D. (2000) Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. Routledge. London, United Kingdom. P. 9 [15] World Travel and Tourism Organisation (1999) The Global Importance of Tourism. Commission on Sustainable Development. World Travel and Tourism Organisation, New York, New York, United States [16] Bull, A. (1995) The economics of travel and tourism. Longman Press. Melbourne, Australia. p. 23 [17] Apostolopoulos, Y., Gayle, D. (2002) Island Tourism and Sustainable Development: Caribbean, Pacific, and Mediterranean Experiences. Praeger Publishers. Westport, CT, United States. p. 11 [18] Font, X., Bendell, J. (2002) Standards for Sustainable Tourism for the Purpose of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. World Tourism Organisation. Madrid, Spain [19] Ibid [20] Duffy-Smith, M. (2003) The Ethics of Tourism Development. Routledge. London, United Kingdom. p. 9 [21] Beirman, D. (2003) Restoring Tourism Destinations in Crisis: A Strategic Marketing Approach. Allen Unwin. Crows Nest, New South Wales. p. 222 [22] Ibid [23] World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forum’s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease [24] Coleman, S., Crang, M. (2002) Tourism: Between Place and Performance. Berghahn Books. New York, New York, United States. p. 53 [25] United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (1999) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Sustainable Tourism, A Local Authority Perspective. United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, New York, New York, United States [26] The U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development (1999) Tourism and Sustainable Development: The Global Importance of Tourism. The U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development. New York, New York, United States [27] Gold, J., Ward, S. (1994) Place Promotion: The Use of Publicity and Marketing to Sell Towns and Regions. John H. Wiley Sons. New York, New York, United States. p. 41 [28] Porter, M. (1980) Competitive Strategy: Techniques of Analysing Industries and Competitors. Free Press. New York, New York, United States. pp. 34-36